Cụm grapheme
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Một ký tự mà người dùng nhìn thấy như một đơn vị, có thể được tạo thành từ nhiều điểm mã Unicode hiển thị cùng nhau như một đơn vị hình ảnh duy nhất.
A grapheme cluster is what a user sees as "one character" on screen, even though it may be encoded as several code points. This concept is crucial for emoji because many emoji are composed of multiple code points.For example, a flag emoji like 🇰🇷 is two Regional Indicator code points. A person emoji with skin tone like 👍🏽 is two code points (the gesture + a modifier). ZWJ sequences can combine even more.
Programming languages differ in how they handle grapheme clusters. JavaScript's `.length` counts UTF-16 code units, so `'👨👩👧'.length` returns 8, not 1. Proper grapheme-aware APIs (like `Intl.Segmenter`) return the expected count of 1.